Chloramphenicol

Received November 14, 2002 Background & objectives: Salmonella enterica serotype Paratyphi A has been reported less frequently as a causative agent of enteric fever. Reports on the antimicrobial susceptibility of this pathogen are few and varied. An unusually high occurrence of S. Paratyphi A was noted in a tertiary care hospital at Nagpur, Maharashtra during April 2001-September 2002. An effort was made to study the antimicrobial susceptibility pattern and phage types of the isolates. Methods: Blood cultures of patients suspected to have enteric fever admitted to the Indira Gandhi Medical College and Hospital, Nagpur were processed by conventional methods. Antimicrobial susceptibility was tested by Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method and the minimum inhibitory concentration MIC ; to chloramphenicol was determined. Results: Eighteen 46.15% ; of 39 Salmonella isolates were S. Paratyphi A and all were sensitive to ciprofloxacin and cephotaxime. Twelve 66.67% ; strains were sensitive to ampicillin and 13 72.22 % ; to chloramphenicol. Two strains 11.11% ; were resistant to three drugs ampicillin, chloramphenicol and cotrimoxazole ; simultaneously. The prevalent phage type in the local population was phage type I. Interpretation & conclusion: The high occurrence of S. Paratyphi A found in the present study indicated the emergence of this rare pathogen of enteric fever in the local population. Though some degree of resistance was encountered with ampicillin and chloramphenicol, all the isolates were sensitive to ciprofloxacin, currently a drug of choice for enteric fever. Multidrug resistance was rare. Key words Enteric fever - phage type I - Salmonella Paratyphi A.
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Agreement by mutual give and take 10.What is the total number of times you left mate or mate left you because of conflict? a. No times b. One or more times. Introduction There has been an increased interest within Jordan in protecting intellectual property especially during the past few years. It also became an important factor in Jordan's accession and signature of several multilateral and bilateral treaties. Several industries had to adopt a new approach in dealing with the intangible value of IP. The pharmaceutical and IT sectors were amongst the most affected. Nevertheless, considerable success has been witnessed in both sectors. I will attempt to question the importance of intellectual property to developing countries and the possibility of using IP protection as a vehicle towards economic prosperity. I will start by posing a simple question: What's wealth? Well, wealth can be generally defined as "the surplus value of assets over liabilities held by a person. 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Over a 9-year period, 198 of 209 U.S. animal-tested drugs were relabeled or withdrawn because they led to hospitalization, disability or death. All FDA-approved drugs are confirmed "safe" in animal tests. It's the law. The recall list below is but a mere sampling. ZELNORM Tegaserod ; : April 2007 - Animal-tested drug for gastrointestinal dysfunction like Irritable Bowel Syndrome IBS ; recalled after FDA safety analysis showed heightened chance for heart attack, stroke and cardiac chest pain in users. MILRINONE cardiac drug ; : Upped survival rate for rats with induced heart failure. Humans experienced a 30% increase in mortality. FIALURINE hepatitis drug ; : Safe in dogs. Triggered liver failure in 7 of humans. NOMIFENSINE antidepressant ; : Non-toxic in rats, rabbits, dogs, or monkeys. In humans, led to liver poisoning and anemia. ZOMAX pain killer ; : Tested safe in animals. 14 humans died and more suffered lifethreatening side effects. STREPTOMYCIN antibiotic ; : Tested safe in forcibly dosed pigs, dogs and guinea pigs. Instigated brain damage, deafness, blindness or death in human babies. ARAVA rheumatoid arthritis drug ; : Tested safe in animals. In 2002, linked with 22 deaths, 130 severe liver reactions, high blood pressure stroke, birth defects. VIOXX, CELEBRAX, BEXTRA: Recalled anti-inflammatories shown to increase heart disease risk in humans, despite years of animal testing on these Cox-2 inhibitors. PREMARIN, PREMPRO estrogen drugs derived from pregnant mare's urine ; : Manufacturer Wyeth-Ayerst has endured a series of recalls since 1992 when a National Institutes of Health study, "Women's Health Initiative, " found long-term use ups risk for "coronary heart disease CHD ; , invasive breast cancer, stroke pulmonary embolism PE ; , endometrial cancer, colorectal cancer, hip fracture, or death." BAYCOL, MERIDIA, SERZONE, FEN-PHEN: Also pulled from market or restricted -- AFTER animal experimenters deemed them safe for human use. AMRINONE cardiac drug ; : Showed promise in mice, rats, hamsters, guinea pigs, dogs and rhesus monkeys. 20% of heart failure patients formed thrombocytopenia lack of blood cells needed for clotting ; and some died from the drug. BIRTH CONTROL PILLS: Though known to cause critical blood clots in some women, researchers have yet to replicate this finding in animals. Dog experiments actually suggest the pill decreases likelihood of clotting. CHLORAMPHENICOL antibiotic ; : No two species react the same -- dogs are okay on it, cats die, cows tolerate it, horses don't. In susceptible humans, this antibiotic led to life-threatening anemia and is so toxic its use is illegal in animals used for food. A minute amount in hamburger can cause death without a bone marrow transplant. CLIOQUINOL anti-diarrheal ; : Met safety standards in rats, cats, dogs, rabbits. In 1992, the drug was globally recalled because it induced blindness and paralysis in people. DIETHYLSTILBESTROL synthetic estrogen ; : After safety data gathered solely from animals gave this miscarriage-deterrent drug the green light, it actually upped the rate of spontaneous abortions, premature births and neo-natal deaths in women. ERALDIN cardiac drug ; : Tested safe in mice, rats, dogs and monkeys. Withdrawn in 1975 after prompting acute side effects in 7, 000 humans and 23 deaths. FLOXIN antibiotic ; : Proven "safe" in animals. Causes seizures, psychosis in people. ISUPREL asthma drug ; : Recommended dose ascertained from animal tests confirmed toxic in humans. 3, 500 asthmatics in Great Britain died from this medication. MANOPLAX cardiac drug ; : Safe in tests on rats, mice, rabbits, cats, guinea pigs. Global recall in 1993 after users showed higher risk for hospitalization and or death. METHYSERGIDE migraine drug ; : Though researchers can't duplicate symptoms in animals, caused severe scarring of human heart, kidneys, abdominal blood vessels. OPREN rheumatism, arthritis drug ; : No adverse side effects detected in 9 years of experiments on monkeys and other animals. Recalled in 1982 after 61 human deaths and 3, 500 harmful reactions. PHENYLPROPANOLAMINE [PPA] element in cold flu remedies ; : FDA-banned after association with 200-500 strokes in young women per year. PRIMACOR cardiac circulatory drug ; : Okay in rats. 30% death increase in people. RITODRINE drug to deter premature labor ; : Approved in animal tests. Stimulated pulmonary edema, breathing complications, possible death in humans. SUPROFEN arthritis drug ; : Animal tests show "No cardiac, renal or central nervous system [side effects] in any species." Withdrawn when people suffer kidney toxicity. TAMOXIFEN breast cancer treatment preventive ; : Caused liver tumors in rats, but none in mice, hamsters. Harmless to developing fetus of rabbits, monkeys, but bone abnormalities in rat fetuses. Non-predicted side effect in humans: nausea, vomiting. Implicated in uterine cancer, blood clots, memory loss, absence of periods, cataracts!