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It may seem plausible that in the United States the grading of access to health care according to ability to pay would contribute to the particularly steep social gradient in health in that country.46 But the American story suggested in Table 1.1 is a bit more complex. The massive rate of potential years of life lost, 40% higher than in the otherwise very similar society of Canada next door, combined with essentially identical self-reported health status both at the top of the league tables ; and mediocre but not dramatically bad American life expectancy well behind Canada but up with Spain, Denmark, and Ireland ; indicates relatively high rates of premature death. Americans who reach the age of 80 actually have a further life expectancy similar to that in long-lived countries such as Sweden, Switzerland, or Canada. This pattern reflects significantly higher mortality rates among younger Americans. Violent deaths -- particularly homicide -- and AIDS infections mostly strike in early and mid-life and each account for a large number of PYLLs; they are also much more common in the United States than in most other high-income countries. These causes of mortality have very steep social gradients, and are presumably rooted in structural features that are more.
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Consumers Union, publisher of Consumer Reports magazine, is an independent and nonprofit organization whose mission since 1936 has been to provide consumers with unbiased information on goods and services and to create a fair marketplace. Its Web site is consumersunion . The magazine's Web site is consumerreports . Consumer Reports Best Buy Drugs is a public education project administered by Consumers Union. Two outside sources of generous funding made the project possible. They are a major grant from the Engelberg Foundation, a private philanthropy, and a supporting grant from the National Library of Medicine, part of the National Institutes of Health. A more detailed explanation of the project is available at CRBestBuyDrugs . We followed a rigorous editorial process to ensure that the information in this report and on the Consumer Reports Best Buy Drugs Web site is accurate and describes generally accepted clinical practices. If we find, or are alerted to, an error, we will correct this as quickly as possible. However, Consumer Reports and its authors, editors, publishers, licensors and any suppliers cannot be responsible for medical errors or omissions, or any consequences from the use of the information on this site. Please refer to our user agreement at CRBestBuyDrugs for further information. Consumer Reports Best Buy Drugs should not be viewed as a substitute for a consultation with a medical or health professional. This report and the information on CRBestBuyDrugs are provided to enhance your communication with your doctor, rather than to replace it.
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Pregnancy Category B: Reproduction studies have been performed in rats and rabbits at doses up to 16 times the highest human dose based on body surface area and have revealed no evidence of impaired fertility or harm to the fetus due to octreotide. There are, however, no adequate and well-controlled studies in pregnant women. Because animal reproduction studies are not always predictive of human response, this drug should be used during pregnancy only if clearly needed. Nursing Mothers: It is not known whether this drug is excreted in human milk. Because many drugs are excreted in milk, caution should be exercised when Sandostatin LAR Depot is administered to a nursing woman. Pediatric Use: Sandostatin LAR Depot has not been studied in pediatric patients. Experience with Sandostatin Injection in the pediatric population is limited. Its use has been primarily in patients with congenital hyperinsulinism also called nesidioblastosis ; . The youngest patient to receive the drug was 1 month old. At doses of 1-40 mcg kg body weight day, the majority of side effects observed were gastrointestinal- steatorrhea, diarrhea, vomiting and abdominal distention. Poor growth has been reported in several patients treated with Sandostatin Injection for more than 1 year; catch-up growth occurred after Sandostatin Injection was discontinued. A 16-month-old male with enterocutaneous fistula developed sudden abdominal pain and increased nasogastric drainage and died 8 hours after receiving a single 100 mcg subcutaneous dose of Sandostatin Injection. ADVERSE REACTIONS See WARNINGS and PRECAUTIONS. ; : Gallbladder abnormalities, especially stones and or biliary sludge, frequently develop in patients on chronic octreotide therapy see WARNINGS ; . Few patients, however, develop acute symptoms requiring cholecystectomy. Cardiac: In acromegalics, sinus bradycardia 50 bpm ; developed in 25%; conduction abnormalities occurred in 10% and arrhythmias developed in 9% of patients during Sandostatin octreotide acetate ; Injection therapy. Electrocardiograms were performed only in carcinoid patients receiving Sandostatin LAR Depot octreotide acetate for injectable suspension ; . In carcinoid syndrome patients sinus bradycardia developed in 19%; conduction abnormalities occurred in 9%, and arrhythmias developed in 3%. The relationship of these events to octreotide acetate is not established because many of these patients have underlying cardiac disease see PRECAUTIONS ; . Gastrointestinal: The most common symptoms are gastrointestinal. The overall incidence of the most frequent of these symptoms in clinical trials of acromegalic patients treated for approximately 1 to 4 years is shown in Table 4. Table 4 Number % ; of Acromegalic Patients with Common G.I. Adverse Events Sandostatin Injection S.C. t.i.d. n 114 N % 66 57.9 ; 50 43.9 ; 15 13.2 ; 10 8.8 ; 34 29.8 ; 5 4.4 ; Sandostatin LAR Depot q. 28 days n 261 N % 95 36.4 ; 76 29.1 ; 67 25.7 ; 49 18.8 ; 27 10.3 ; 17 6.5 and amiodarone.
Fig. B.5. A configuration of the phase space with one stable fixed point PB corresponded to a benign tumor. All trajectories converge to that point. The curves yC and yI represent the nullclines for tumor and immunological dynamics, respectively.
All those given intravenous doses twice daily of L-carnitine 1000 mg ; and B complex an intravenous solution containing 100 mg thiamine, 20 mg riboflavin, 100 mg niacinamide, 10 mg pyridoxine and 10 mg dexpanthenol ; . This reversal is particularly impressive since lactic acidosis is generally estimated to be fatal in fifty percent of cases. In Dr. Brinkman's study, all the patients given these nutrients survived. Thus, for someone wishing to prevent mitochondrial dysfunction and, thus, help protect the nerves in a way that may prevent neuropathy, the most important nutrients are B vitamins especially riboflavin and thiamine ; , antioxidants a broad spectrum that includes alpha-lipoic acid, N-acetyl-cysteine, selenium, and coenzyme Q-10 would be best ; , and acetyl-L-carnitine. The good news in all of the above is that, as you will almost certainly have already noticed, the same nutrients are serving many different functions and contributing in multiple ways to help prevent or reverse neuropathy. The antioxidants will help to counter the damage caused by oxidative stress while also helping prevent mitochondrial damage and inflammation. The acetyl-carnitine will help protect the mitochondria while also directly supporting nerve function and protecting nerve membranes. The B vitamins will help prevent mitochondrial dysfunction while also reversing deficiencies that could be a direct cause of neuropathy. And so on. Thus, a solid nutrient supplementation program can help provide protection in a great many ways that can help you live without neuropathy. An Important Note on "Improvement" in Neuropathy It is important to know that when a nutrient protocol is successful in reversing neuropathy and improving the function of nerves, most of the changes will be good, including lessening of numbness and pain, and return of more normal feeling in the feet, legs, hands, and arms. However, do note that when the nerves again begin to work, one of the initial symptoms might actually be pain. The reason is simply that the nerves reach an intermediate stage where they can again signal successfully but since they are not yet fully restored, they may initially be signalling "pain." In all the years that I have been working with people with neuropathy problems, I have never personally seen this, but in one nutrient trial, this was observed in a handful of people. So just know that if you experience this, it's a sign that the nerves are again beginning to work, not a negative sign. Important Nutrients for Neuropathy Resolution Acetyl-l-carnitine has been shown by researchers to help raise nerve myoinositol content shown to be linked to peripheral nerve function in Florida research with diabetics ; , while also protecting nerve membranes from free radical damage. As discussed above, research has also shown that it can provide protection against the mitochondrial toxicity that is thought to be an underlying cause of neuropathy in HIVers taking nucleoside analogue drugs. Blood levels of acetyl-l-carnitine are decreased in neuropathy associated with those drugs. Supplementation with carnitine has been shown to enhance neurotrophic support of sensory neurons and promote energy metabolism, thus leading to nerve regeneration and symptom relief. A number of studies with diabetics and several studies with HIVers have shown improvement in those treated with Lark Lands, 1985-2005 and cordarone.
| Alpha-lipoic informationKansanterveyslaitos KTL ; Mannerheimintie 166 FIN-00300 Helsinki, Finland puh. 09 ; 4744 1, fax 09 ; 4744 08 Folkhlsoinstitutet Mannerheimvgen 166 FIN-00300 Helsingfors, Finland tel. 09 ; 4744 1, fax 09 ; 4744 08 National Public Health Institute NPHI ; Mannerheimintie 166 FIN-00300 Helsinki, Finland tel. + 358-9-4744 1, fax + 358-9-4744 08 ISBN 951-740-632-0 ISSN 0359-3584 ISBN 951-740-633-9 pdf ; ISSN 1458-6290 pdf ; Kansikuva - cover picture: Heikki Rytsl.
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Materials and Methods: Total 240 patients between 18 to 60 years of age who attained a hospital in city of Kolkata having cancer diagnosed within the last 3 years had been studied. The test batteries used were Sleep Status Index, Illness Behaviour Questionnaire, Duke Health Profile, Locus of control, Bells Adjustment Inventory and Parental Sensitization Index. Results: Patients who had a positive family history of insomnia and a previous depressive episode are more vulnerable to symptoms of sleeplessness. Higher parental sensitization was noted in these patients. The disease conviction and irritability measures of illness behaviour scale were significantly higher in these patients compared to other patients. Low quality of social health and self-esteem were reflected also in these patients. They also found to have external locus of control. Conclusion: Retreating to relaxation is indicative of betterment of symptomology and improved mental health which are essential for cancer patients. It may be imperative to look at the psychological profile as psychological dimensions may as well have an influence on sleep pattern of these patients. PP.256 Parental Communication in Children with Cancer Kedar Ranjan Banerjee, Tanmoy Mitra, Pousali Saha National Institute of Behavioural Sciences, India Background: Parental communication plays an important part in future psychosocial development of the child. Parental communications in children who are suffering from cancer are worth pursuing to understand the psychological milieu and status of mental health. The objective of the study was to evaluate how parental communication affects the psychological constitution of the children with cancer. Materials and Methods: Total sixty six children N 66 ; in the age group of eight to twelve having cancer diagnosed within the last 3 years had been investigated. The test batteries used were Duke Health Profile, Locus of Control, Adjustment Inventory Parental Sensitization Index and Life Events Scale. Results: Majority 75% ; of the subjects reported negative parental communication at home. Locus of control LOC ; in these children seemed to correlate with anxiety and depression. The home, health adjustment measures were lower in these children with higher hostility, trait anxiety and depressive scores. Higher parental sensitization was evident in these children compared to others. Lower self-esteem was another finding in these subjects. Conclusion: Traditionally Indian society does not pay much attention to the parental communication method. This study indicates that faulty parental communication seems to have a vital role in psychological encumber in the children suffering with cancer and more attention should be devoted in this matter to ease off the suffering of these ailing children. PP.257 Ethical Surgery is Usually Palliative Surgery in Pancreatic Cancer Irene Christodoulou1, Chris Pogonidis2, Eugenia Xenodoxidou2 12nd Surgical Department, Papanikolaou Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece 2General Hospital of Komotini, Greece Background: Surgery remains the only radical therapy in pancreatic cancer. Palliative surgery is important for patients with metastases, because it establishes a good quality of life. Various moral dilemmas are encountered in palliative surgery.
Table 9. Effects of antihyperglycemic agents on cardiovascular risk factors.a and ascorbic.
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Audit The Audit Committee, composed entirely of non-employee Directors, helps the Board oversee the Company's accounting and reporting practices. It recommends independent public accountants for appointment by the Board and reviews their performance; monitors the adequacy of internal accounting practices, procedures and controls; and reviews all significant changes in accounting policies. J. G. Cullen, Chairman A. G. Langbo L. F. Mullin H. B. Schacht Benefits The Benefits Committee, composed entirely of non-employee Directors, reviews the management of the various retirement, pension, health and welfare plans that cover substantially all employees of the Company's domestic operations and employees of certain international subsidiaries. The Committee also monitors the performance of the trusts in which pension funds are invested. J. G. Cooney, Chairperson M. F. Singer, Ph.D. J. W. Snow Compensation The Compensation Committee, composed entirely of non-employee Directors, reviews the compensation philosophy and policy of the non-Board Management Compensation Committee with respect to executive compensation, fringe benefits and other compensation matters. The Committee also administers the Company's stock option plans and determines the compensation of the members of the Management Compensation Committee. A. G. Langbo, Chairman J. G. Cooney J. G. Cullen J. W. Snow Finance The Finance Committee exercises the management authority of the Board during the intervals between Board meetings. R. S. Larsen, Chairman R. N. Wilson Nominating and Corporate Governance The Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee, composed entirely of non-employee Directors, is responsible for overseeing corporate governance matters, reviewing possible candidates for Board membership and recommending nominees for election. The Committee is also responsible for evaluating the function and performance of the Board and the Chief Executive Officer. Additionally, the Committee reviews the Company's management succession plans and executive resources. H. B. Schacht, Chairman G. N. Burrow, M.D. A. D. Jordan L. F. Mullin Public Policy The Public Policy Advisory Committee is composed of Board members and the Company's Vice President, Administration. It reviews the Company's policies, programs and practices on public health issues regarding the environment and the health and safety of employees, and advises and makes recommendations to the Board on such issues. J. S. Mayo, Ph.D., Chairman R. C. Deyo M. J. Folkman, M.D. A. D. Jordan Science and Technology The Science and Technology Advisory Committee is composed of Board members and the Company's Vice President, Science and Technology. It advises the Board on scientific matters that include major internal projects, interaction with academic and other outside research organizations, and the acquisition of technologies and products. G. N. Burrow, M.D., Chairman M. J. Folkman, M.D. J. S. Mayo, Ph.D. R. W. Ruddon, M.D., Ph.D. M. F. Singer, Ph.D and chlorthalidone and alpha-lipoic, for instance, alpha lipoic acid antioxidant.
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Table 1. Examples of inorganic and complex compounds whose crystal structures were established from powder data Compound NH4 ; 4[ MoO2 ; 4O3] C4H3O5 ; 2H2O NaHSO4 CuBr2 C 7H9N ; 2 -CrPO4 FeAsO4 HgBa2 Eu1x, Cax ; Cu2O7 Nd2HgO 4 C60 T 5 K ; -AlF3 Ga2 HPO3 ; 34H2O HgBa 2CuO4 + -Ba3AlF9 [Me4N]4Ge 4S 10 La3Ti5Al 15O37 RbC60 C60Br24 Br2 ; 2 T 35 UO2 ; 3 HO3PC6H5 ; 2 O3PC 6H5 ; 2H2O C2H4O ; 3[LiN SO2CF3 ; 2] Zn 3 2V2O72H 2O Bi H2O ; 4 OSO2CF 3 ; 3 C2H4O ; 6[LiAsF6] [SiO2] 160.5[ Cp * ; 2CoFx OH ; 1x]b Fe3 + 5.34 PO4 ; 3.62 VO4 ; 0.38 OH ; 46.7H2O and tenoretic.
Vanden Heuvel JP, Kreder D, Belda B, et al. Comprehensive analysis of gene expression in rat and human hepatoma cells exposed to the peroxisome proliferator WY14, 643. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 2003; 188: 185-198. Smith PJ, Wise LS, Berkowitz R, et al. Insulinlike growth factor-I is an essential regulator of the differentiation of 3T3-L1 adipocytes. J Biol Chem. 1988; 263: 9402-9408. Leung M, Kwong S, Hou S, et al. Deficiency of the Nrf1 and Nrf2 transcription factors results in early embryonic lethality and severe oxidative stress. J Biol Chem. 2003; 278: 48021-48029. Lehmann JM, Moore LB, Smith-Oliver TA, et al. An antidiabetic thiazolidinedione is a high affinity ligand for peroxisome proliferatoractivated receptor gamma PPAR gamma ; . J Biol Chem. 1995; 270; 12953-12956. Konrad T, Vicini P, Kusterer K, et al. a-Lipoic acid treatment decreases serum lactate and pyruvate concentrations and improves glucose effectiveness in lean and obese patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 1999; 22: 280-287. Evans JL, Heymann CJ, Goldfine ID, Gavin LA. Pharmacokinetics, tolerability, and fructosamine-lowering effect of a novel, controlled-release formulation of alpha-lipoicc acid. Endocr Pract. 2002; 8: 29-35. Debril MB, Renaud JP, Fajas L, Auwerx J. The pleiotropic functions of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-g. J Mol Med. 2001; 79: 30-47. Delerive P, Fruchart JC, Staels B. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors in inflammation control. J Endocrinol. 2001; 169: 453-459. Pershadsingh HA. Peroxisome proliferatoractivated receptor-g: therapeutic target for diseases beyond diabetes: quo vadis? Expert Opin Investig Drugs. 2004; 13: 215-228. NCEP ATP III: Executive Summary of the Third Report of the National Cholesterol Education Program Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults Adult Treatment Panel III ; . JAMA. 2001; 285: 24862497. Lakka HM, Laaksonen DE, Lakka TA, et al. The metabolic syndrome and total and cardiovascular disease mortality in middle-aged men. JAMA. 2002; 288: 2709-2716.
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Natural History of Varicella-Zoster Virus. The clinical manifestations of VZV infection begin with a case of chicken pox, a disease spread by airborne contact that infects the pharynx where it is believed to infect lymphoid tissue and, then, mononuclear cells, "which then circulate and spread the virus throughout the body, " Dr. Levin explained. Although the virus resides in the lymph nodes, it is soon spread throughout the body, resulting in the presence of the virus in the bloodstream ie, viremia ; .10 Dr. Levin said that VZV infection can affect a variety of organs, including the liver and lungs, even in otherwise healthy individuals. The most common clinical manifestation of VZV involves dermal dissemination where the virus replicates within skin cells and causes the classic rash associated with chicken pox. This skin involvement usually means that the virus is residing at the dermal epidermal junction, possibly providing "access to our dorsal root ganglia, which is where it resides in the latent state, " said Dr. Levin.3 After the episode of acute infection, VZV-specific, cell-mediated immunity develops, causing a cessation of viremia and symptoms, and a retreat of the virus to a latent state.3 Dr. Levin explained that the VZV then spreads to the sen.
1. Which of the following has been the single greatest factor driving rising health care costs in the United States? a. Litigation and risk management b. Rising provider expenses c. Government mandates and regulations d. Increased consumer demand e. General inflation f. Drugs, medical devices and other medical advances 2. How much did prescription drug costs increase between 1990 and 2000? a. 50% b. 75% c. 100% d. 150% e. 200.
Health Management HM ; refers to all divisional medical and behavioral health services performing Disease Management DM ; , Case Management CM ; , Utilization Management UM ; , Absence Management Program ; , Workers' Compensation Services, Physical Medicine, and Delegation. APS Healthcare Inc, Care Management Program Description 2006 ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Page - 19 - of 58.
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I. Thomas N, Stainton T, Cheung W et al. A study of young carers in Wales: perspectives of children and young people. Report for Wales Office of Research and Development for Health and Social Care. Swansea: Centre for Applied Social Studies, University of Wales, 2001 Type IV evidence qualitative study of 21 primary young carers mean age 14 years, 62% girls ; who completed semi-structured interviews and 6 young carers who participated in initial focus groups. ; ii. Seddon D, Jones K, Hill J, Robinson C. A study of young carers in Wales. Report for Wales Office of Research and Development for Health and Social Care. Bangor: University of Wales, 2001 Type IV evidence qualitative study. 67 key personnel from Local Education Authorities, Social Services, Local Health Groups and voluntary agencies, involved in supporting young carers, completed structured telephone interviews and 76 young carers mean age 13 years ; attended focus groups, for example, alpha lipoic acid product.
D'Onofrio, F. 1993 ; Evidence for a relationship between free radicals and insulin action in the elderly. Metabolism 42, 659663 Paolisso, G., D'Amore, A., Volpe, C., Balbi, V., Saccomanno, F., Galzerano, D., Giugliano, D., Varricchio, M. and D'Onofrio, F. 1994 ; Evidence for a relationship between oxidative stress and insulin action in non-insulin-dependent type II ; diabetic patients. Metabolism 43, 14261429 Caballero, B. 1993 ; Vitamin E improves the action of insulin. Nutr. Rev. 51, 339340 Paolisso, G., D'Amore, A., Balbi, V., Volpe, C., Galzerano, D., Giugliano, D., Sgambato, S., Varricchio, M. and D'Onofrio, F. 1994 ; Plasma vitamin C affects glucose homeostasis in healthy subjects and in non-insulin-dependent diabetics. Am. J. Physiol. 266, E261E268 Paolisso, G., Di Maro, G., Pizza, G., D'Amore, A., Sgambato, S., Tesauro, P., Varricchio, M. and D'Onofrio, F. 1992 ; Plasma GSH GSSG affects glucose homeostasis in healthy subjects and non-insulin-dependent diabetics. Am. J. Physiol. 263, E435E440 Jacob, S., Henriksen, E. J., Schiemann, A. L., Simon, I., Clancy, D. E., Tritschler, H. J., Jung, W. I., Augustin, H. J. and Dietze, G. J. 1995 ; Enhancement of glucose disposal in patients with type 2 diabetes by alpha-liopic acid. Arzneim.-Forschung 45, 872874 Rudich, A., Kozlovsky, N., Potashnik, R. and Bashan, N. 1997 ; Oxidant stress reduces insulin responsiveness in 3T3L1 adipocytes. Am. J. Physiol. 272, E935E940 Hansen, L. L., Ikeda, Y., Olsen, G. S., Busch, A. K. and Mosthaf, L. 1999 ; Insulin signaling is inhibited by micromolar concentrations of H2O2. Evidence for a role of H2O2 in tumor necrosis factor-mediated insulin resistance. J. Biol. Chem. 274, 2507825084 Tirosh, A., Potashnik, R., Bashan, N. and Rudich, A. 1999 ; Oxidative stress disrupts insulin-induced cellular redistribution of insulin receptor substrate-1 and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase in 3T3L1 adipocytes. J. Biol. Chem. 274, 1059510602 Blair, A. S., Hajduch, E., Litherland, G. 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Figure 12: Syncope can be detected by the pattern in the Trends Plot. It is nonsensical for the system to require more sympathetic activity to stand as compared to performing Valsalva maneuvers. Once Syncope is detected, the cardiogenic and neurogenic forms are differentiated by considering the heart rate. If heart rate increases upon standing as expected the nerves are working ; is must be cardiogenic. If heart rate does not increase normally, the it must at least be neurogenic. This finding correlates with positive tilt-studies in more than 95% of the patients tested using both measures. Rule #13: If Autonomic Neuropathy Presents Treat Structural Deficits For peripheral autonomic neuropathy, diabetic autonomic neuropathy or cardiac autonomic neuropathy, treat with current therapy. Also, alpa-lipoic acid has shown some effect, especially early when its anti-oxidant behavior may help protect the nerves. Prophylactic application, after chronic disease has been diagnosed and before autonomic neuropathy presents, of alpha-lipoic acid has also shown some benefit.
Brain function. Double tasking is one of the first things to go in CFS. The test we gave to Maggie was the coding test of the WISC, a standard intelligence test. In this test, a series of simple codes are made for numbers between 0 and 9, the code printed at the top of the page. The test involves finding, or remembering, the codes for a list of numbers, and scoring is done by adding up the correct coding accomplished in two minutes. It is an annoying little test. After lying down, Maggie did the test, getting fifty five right in two minutes, a normal amount. A week later we repeated the test after standing, and she was able to get only forty correct, a twenty percent drop. We have been testing this with healthy persons, and found that, in general, they do as well standing as after lying down. Maggie's cognitive problems are related to the position she is in before the test. When horizontal, she does well; after standing, she is dull as a melon. This correlates to another curious detail often found in the history taking of someone.
CREAMY PUMPKIN SOUP Preparation Time: 5 minutes Cooking Time: 10 minutes Servings: 6 1 4 cup water 1 small onion, chopped 4 cups vegetable broth 1 16 ounce can solid pack pumpkin 1 2 cup unsweetened applesauce 2 teaspoons curry powder Several dashes Tabasco sauce 1 2 cup soy or rice milk Place water and onion in a medium saucepan. Cook, stirring occasionally, for 5 minutes until onion is soft. Add broth, pumpkin and applesauce. Stir to combine. Add seasonings. Cook over low heat, stirring occasionally, for 10 minutes. Stir in milk just before serving. Hint: This would be very attractive served in a small baked pumpkin. Cut top off of a pumpkin. Clean out seeds and strings just like Halloween ; . Replace top. Place pumpkin in a pan with inch of water. Bake at 350 degrees for 30 minutes. Serve the cooked soup in the baked pumpkin. MASHED POTATOES Preparation Time: 20 minutes Cooking Time: 45 minutes Servings: 6-8 10 medium potatoes, peeled, in water to cover Cut potatoes in half and place in a large pot with the water. Cover and cook over low heat until potatoes are very tender, about 45 minutes. Remove from heat. Drain potatoes, reserving the cooking liquid. Beat the potatoes with an electric mixer, adding small amounts of the cooking liquid to the potatoes while mashing. Beat until smooth and creamy. Season with a small amount of salt and pepper to taste, if desired. Hint: To make the potatoes more creamy, replace the reserved cooking liquid with soy or rice milk. Add the milk to the potatoes while mashing as above. RICH BROWN GRAVY Preparation Time: 20 minutes Cooking Time: 20 minutes Servings: makes 6 cups 1 4 cup water 1 onion, chopped 1 cup whole wheat flour 5 1 2 cups water 1 2 cup soy sauce.
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